Pediatric penetrating keratoplasty and graft rejection: experience at the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez / Queratoplastia penetrante pediátrica y rechazo corneal: experiencia en el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez

Abstract Background: Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) is a challenging surgical ocular procedure indicated for some pediatric patients with vision-threatening corneal disease damage. Pediatric PK is reserved for cases with advanced pathology or dysfunction as rejection and failure rates greatly supersede the rates of adult PK. The objective was to identify factors associated with graft rejection and failure amongst Mexican children undergoing primary PK for different indications. Methods: A retrospective review of consecutive pediatric PK medical records was conducted between 2001 and 2015 at the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez. Graft survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier survival method. Results: During the 15 years of study, 67 eyes of 57 patients underwent PK. The mean age at the time of surgery was 11 years. The mean follow-up duration was 44 months. Keratoconus was the most common indication for PK (61%) followed by herpetic keratitis (15%) and other corneal dystrophies (10%). Mean graft survival time was 45.6 months (95% confidence interval 31.8-58.4 months, standard deviation = 0.069), with a survival rate of 70% at 1 year. Univariate Cox proportional hazard showed that being < 9 years of age at the time of the surgery (p = 0.023) and corneal dystrophies (p = 0.04) were prognostic factors for corneal rejection. Five eyes of five patients developed graft failure. Conclusions: Pediatric PK patients commonly experience graft rejection, which need to be promptly diagnosed and treated to minimize permanent damage. The age at the time of surgery and congenital corneal opacities is factors associated with a higher risk of rejection and failure.

Resumen Introducción: La queratoplastia penetrante (QP) es un procedimiento quirúrgico indicado en algunos pacientes pediátricos con daño corneal con riesgo de fracaso que amenaza la visión. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue identificar los factores asociados a rechazo y fallo del injerto corneal en niños sometidos a QP. Métodos: Serie de casos de pacientes sometidos a QP en el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez entre 2001 y 2015. La sobrevida del injerto fue calculada por el método de estimación de la función de supervivencia Kaplan–Meier. Resultados: Durante 15 años de estudio, 67 ojos de 57 pacientes fueron sometidos a QP. El promedio de edad de los pacientes al tiempo de la cirugía fue de 11 años. El seguimiento promedio fue de 44 meses. El queratocono fue la indicación más común de QP (61%), seguido de queratitis herpética (15%) y otras distrofias corneales (10%). El tiempo promedio de sobrevida fue 45.6% (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 31.8-58.4 meses, desviación estándar [DS] = 0.069), con una tasa de sobrevida del 70% a 1 año. El riesgo proporcional de Cox univariado mostró que una edad < 9 años al momento de la cirugía (p = 0.023) y distrofias corneales (p = 0.04) son factores pronóstico para el rechazo corneal. Cinco ojos de cinco pacientes desarrollaron falla del injerto. Conclusiones: El rechazo del injerto en QP en pacientes pediátricos es común y puede ser resuelto satisfactoriamente en casi todos los casos con diagnóstico y tratamiento. La edad al momento de la cirugía y las opacidades corneales congénitas son factores asociados con el rechazo y fallo.

Avaliação clínica e imunológica dos receptores de transplante renal / Clinical and immunological assessment of renal transplant recipients / Evaluación clínica e inmunológica de los receptores de trasplante renal

Objetivo: Avaliar as características clínicas e imunológica dos receptores de transplante renal. Métodos: estudo documental e retrospectivo, realizado em um Ambulatório do Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, com pacientes internados no período de junho de 2012 a junho de 2014. A amostra foi composta por 300 pacientes submetidos ao transplante renal. As variáveis preditoras de interesse, foram subdivididas em: características prétransplante, características pós-transplante e características imunológicas. Utilizou-se testes de Pearson e Spearman para avaliar correlação entre variáveis. Resultados: Houve predomínio de pacientes do sexo masculino (65%), com faixa etária entre 44 e 56 anos (31,4%). Demonstrou-se relação estatisticamente significante entre o DSA e a disfunção do enxerto (p<0,04), Rejeição celular o Painel Reativo classe I (p< 0,05), o tempo de internação e a disfunção do enxerto (p<0,001) e entre o entre o HLA e o MISMATCH. Conclusão: Aponta-se a necessidade de um acompanhamento crítico e individualizado do paciente transplantado por parte dos profissionais para garantir o sucesso do transplante a longo prazo

Objective: The study's purpose has been to assess both clinical and immunological characteristics of renal transplant recipients. Methods: It is a documentary and retrospective study that was performed at the renal transplantation ambulatory from the Hospital Geral de Fortaleza (HGF), Fortaleza city, Ceará State, with patients hospitalized from June 2012 to June 2014. The sample consisted of 300 patients submitted to renal transplantation. The predictive variables of interest were subdivided in the following categories: pre-transplant characteristics, post-transplant characteristics and immunological characteristics. Pearson and Spearman tests were used to evaluate the correlation between variables. Results: There was a predominance of male patients (65%), with ages ranging from 44 to 56 years (31.4%). A statistically significant relationship was found between the Donor-Specific Antibody and Delayed Graft Function (p<0.04), Cellular Rejection and PanelReactive Antibody class I (p<0.05), duration of hospitalization and Delayed Graft Function (p<0.001) and also between the Human Leukocyte Antigen and MISMATCH. Conclusion: It is pointed out the need for a critical and individualized follow-up of the transplanted patient by the professionals to guarantee the long-term transplantation success

Objetivo: Evaluar las características clínicas e inmunológicas de lós receptores de trasplante renal. Métodos: estudio documental y retrospectivo realizado en una clínica del Hospital General de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, con pacientes ingresados desde junio de 2012 a junio de 2014. La muestra fue de 300 pacientes sometidos a trasplante de riñón. Las variables predictoras de interés, fueron subdivididas en: características pretrasplante, características post-transplante y características inmunológicas. Se utilizaron pruebas de Pearson y Spearman para evaluar la correlación entre variables. Resultados: Hubo un predominio de pacientes del sexo masculino (65%), con edades comprendidas entre 44 y 56 años (31,4%). Se demostró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre el DSA y la disfunción del injerto (p <0,04), el rechazo celular del panel reactivo clase I (p <0,05), el tiempo de internación y la disfunción del injerto (p <0,001) y entre el HLA y el MISMATCH. Conclusión: Se apunta la necesidad de un acompañamiento crítico e individualizado del paciente trasplantado por parte de los profesionales para garantizar el éxito del trasplante a largo plazo

Long-term effects of delayed graft function duration on function and survival of deceased donor kidney transplants / Efeitos de longo prazo da duração da função tardia do enxerto sobre a função e sobrevida de transplantes renais com doadores falecidos

Abstract Introduction: Delayed graft function (DGF) is a frequent complication after deceased donor kidney transplantation with an impact on the prognosis of the transplant. Despite this, long-term impact of DGF on graft function after deceased donor kidney transplantation has not been properly evaluated. Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate risk factors for DGF and the impact of its occurrence and length on graft survival and function. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed in 517 kidney transplant recipients who received a deceased donor organ between January 2008 and December 2013. Results: The incidence of DGF was 69.3% and it was independently associated with donor's final serum creatinine and age, cold ischemia time, use of antibody induction therapy and recipient's diabetes mellitus. The occurrence of DGF was also associated with a higher incidence of Banff ≥ 1A grade acute rejection (P = 0.017), lower graft function up to six years after transplantation and lower death-censored graft survival at 1 and 5 years (P < 0.05). DGF period longer than 14 days was associated with higher incidence of death-censored graft loss (P = 0.038) and poorer graft function (P < 0.001). No differences were found in patient survival. Conclusions: The occurrence of DGF has a long-lasting detrimental impact on graft function and survival and this impact is even more pronounced when DGF lasts longer than two weeks.

Resumo Introdução: A função tardia do enxerto (FTE) é uma complicação frequente após transplantes renais com doadores falecidos com repercussões sobre o prognóstico do transplante. Contudo, o impacto a longo prazo da FTE sobre a função do enxerto após transplante renal com doador falecido não foi avaliado adequadamente. Objetivo: O principal objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os fatores de risco para FTE e o impacto de sua ocorrência e duração na sobrevida e função do enxerto. Métodos: O presente estudo observacional retrospectivo incluiu 517 receptores de transplante renal que receberam órgãos de doadores falecidos entre janeiro de 2008 e dezembro de 2013. Resultados: A incidência de FTE foi de 69,3%. Foi identificada associação independente entre FTE e creatinina sérica final e idade do doador, tempo de isquemia fria, uso de terapia de indução com anticorpos e diabetes mellitus do receptor. A ocorrência de FTE também foi associada a incidência mais elevada de rejeição aguda com classificação de Banff ≥ 1 A (P = 0,017), função reduzida do enxerto até seis anos após o transplante e menor sobrevida do enxerto censurada para óbito em 1 e 5 anos (P <0,05). Períodos de FTE superiores a 14 dias foram associados a maior incidência de perda do enxerto censurada para óbito (P = 0,038) e pior função do enxerto (P <0,001). Não foram identificadas diferenças de sobrevida nos pacientes. Conclusões: A ocorrência de FTE traz prejuízos de longa duração à função e sobrevida do enxerto. Tal impacto é ainda mais pronunciado quando a FTE persiste por mais de duas semanas.

Efeito da terapia de indução em pacientes sensibilizados: análise dos riscos e benefícios / Effect of induction therapy in kidney transplantation in sensitive patients: analysis of risks and benefits

Resumo Introdução: A sensibilização está associada a piores desfechos clínicos após o transplante renal (TxR), incluindo maior incidência de função tardia, rejeição aguda e perda do enxerto. Objetivos: Avaliar os desfechos de eficácia e segurança de 1 ano de receptores de TxR com doador falecido sensibilizados induzidos com globulina antitimócito (ATG) e compará-las aos de pacientes não sensibilizados. Métodos: Receptores de TxR com doador falecido entre janeiro de 1998 e dezembro de 2009 foram divididos em 5 grupos: grupo controle 1 - n = 89, PRA negativo, sem indução; grupo controle 2 - n = 94, PRA negativo, indução com basiliximabe; grupo controle 3 - n = 81, PRA negativo, indução com ATG; grupo teste 4 - n = 64, PRA 1-49%, indução com ATG; grupo teste 5 - n = 118, PRA ≥ 50%, indução com ATG. Resultados: Não houve diferença na incidência de rejeição entre pacientes sensibilizados e não sensibilizados, exceto pelo grupo 1, que apresentou a maior incidência de rejeição aguda comprovada por biópsia (20,2%, p = 0,006 vs. grupo 4 ep = 0,001 vs. grupo 5). Os pacientes sensibilizados induzidos com ATG apresentaram maior incidência de infecção por citomegalovírus quando comparados aos pacientes do grupo 2 (26,6% e 14,4% vs. 2,1%). Não houve diferença nas sobrevidas do enxerto e do paciente. Na análise multivariada, PRA > 50% e uso de ATG não foram associados à perda, perda com óbito censorado ou óbito. Conclusão: Os pacientes sensibilizados induzidos com ATG apresentaram incidência de rejeição semelhante ou inferior à de pacientes não sensibilizados não induzidos. Estes pacientes apresentaram sobrevidas do enxerto e do paciente semelhantes em 1 ano e comparável perfil de segurança.

Abstract Introduction: Sensitization is associated with worse clinical outcomes after kidney transplantation (KT), including increased incidence of delayed graft function, acute rejection (AR) and graft loss. Objectives: To evaluate 1-year efficacy and safety outcomes in sensitized KT recipients receiving antithymocyte globulin (ATG) induction and compare them to non-sensitized patients. Methods: Deceased donors KT recipients transplanted between January 1998 and December 2009 were divided into 5 groups: control group 1 -n = 89, PRA negative, without induction therapy; control group 2 - n = 94, PRA negative, basiliximab induction; control group 3 - n = 81, PRA negative, ATG induction; test group 4 - n = 64, PRA 1-49%, ATG induction; test group 5 -n = 118, PRA ≥ 50%, ATG induction. Results: There was no difference in the incidence of AR among patients sensitized and non-sensitized, except for group 1, with highest incidence of AR (20.2%,p = 0.006 vs. Group 4 andp = 0.001 vs. group 5). Sensitized patients induced with ATG had higher incidence of citomegalovirus infection when compared with group 2 (26.6% and 14.4% vs. 2.1%). There were no differences in graft and patient survivals. In multivariable analysis, PRA > 50% and ATG induction were not associated with graft loss, death or death-censored graft loss. Conclusion: Sensitized patients induced with ATG presented similar or lower incidence of AR when compared with non-sensitized patients not induced. Besides, these patients had similar safety profile and graft and patient survivals at 1 year.

Long Term Outcomes of Pediatric Liver Transplantation According to Age

Liver transplantation (LT) has been the key therapy for end stage liver diseases. However, LT in infancy is still understudied. From 1992 to 2010, 152 children had undergone LT in Seoul National University Hospital. Operations were performed on 43 patients aged less than 12 months (Group A) and 109 patients aged over 12 months (Group B). The mean age of the recipients was 7 months in Group A and 74 months in Group B. The patients' survival rates and post-LT complications were analyzed. The mean Pediatric End-stage Liver Disease score was higher in Group A (21.8) than in Group B (13.4) (P = 0.049). Fulminant hepatitis was less common in Group A (4.8%) than in Group B (13.8%) (P = 0.021). The post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder and portal vein complication were more common in Group A (14.0%, 18.6%) than in Group B (1.8%, 3.7%) (P = 0.005). However, the 1, 5, and 10 yr patient survival rates were 93%, 93%, and 93%, in Group A and 92%, 90%, and 88% in Group B (P = 0.212). The survival outcome of pediatric LT is excellent and similar regardless of age. LTs in infancy are not riskier than those of children.

Complicações durante a internação de receptores de transplante renal / Complicaciones durante la hospitalización de receptores de trasplante renal / Complications during the hospitalization of kidney transplant recipients

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar complicações ocorridas em pacientes receptores de transplante renal. Coorte histórica realizada em hospital universitário entre janeiro de 2007 e janeiro de 2009 com amostra de 179 pacientes; dados coletados retrospectivamente em base de dados e prontuário e, em seguida, analisados estatisticamente. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 43 (DP=13,7) anos, sendo 114 (63,7%) homens, 95 (65,1%) não fumantes e 118 (66,3%) receptores de doadores falecidos. As principais complicações foram rejeição 68 (32,1%) e infecção 62 (29,2%). Houve associação estatisticamente significativa entre rejeição e mediana dos dias de internação (p<0,001); dias de uso de cateter venoso central (p=0,010) e status tabágico (p=0,008); infecção e cateter venoso central (p=0,029), mediana dos dias de internação (p<0,001) e tempo de uso de sonda vesical (p=0,009). Concluiu-se ser importante diminuir os dias de internação e a permanência de cateteres, o que pode ser levado em consideração no planejamento do cuidado de enfermagem.

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar las complicaciones en los pacientes que recibieron trasplante renal. Cohorte histórica realizada en hospital universitario de enero/2007 hasta enero/2009 con una muestra de 179 pacientes, los datos recogidos retrospectivamente de la história clínica de los pacientes y analizados estadísticamente. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue 43(SD=13,7) años, 114(63,7%) hombres, 95(65,1%) no fumadores y 118(66,3%) receptores de donantes fallecidos. Las principales complicaciones fueron rechazo 68(32,1%) e infección 62(29,2%). Hay asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el rechazo y la mediana de días de hospitalización (p<0,001); días de uso de catéter venoso central (p=0,010) y tabaquismo (p=0,008); infección y catéter venoso central (p=0,029); mediana de días de hospitalización (p<0,001) y tiempo de uso del catéter urinario (p=0,009). Se concluye que es importante reducir los días de hospitalización y la permanencia de los catéteres, que puede ser considerado en la planificación de los cuidados de enfermería.

The objective of the study was to identify the complications in patients that have received a renal transplant. A Historical cohort performed in a university hospital from January/2007 through January/2009 with a sample of 179 patients; data collected retrospectively from the medical history of patients and submitted to statistical analyses. Mean age of patients was 43(SD=13.7) years, 114(63.7%) men, 95(65.1%) non smokers and 118(66.3%) received the graft from a deceased donor. The main complications were rejection 68(32.1%) and infection 62(29.2%). There was statistical significance between rejection and median days of hospital stay (p<0.001); days of use of central venous catheter (p=0,010) and smoking status (p=0.008); infection and central venous catheter (p=0.029); median days of hospital stay (p<0,001) and time of use of urinary catheter (p=0,009).It was concluded that it is important to reduce the days of hospital stay and permanence of catheters, which may be considered in the planning of nursing care.

Trasplante hepático pediátrico estudio descriptivo de la experiencia recogida por el grupo de trasplante pediátrico de Clínica Las Condes y Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna / Pediatric liver transplantation: descriptive study of the experience in liver transplantation at Clínica Las Condes and Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital

El trasplante hepático pediátrico (THP) es la única alternativa de tratamiento para niños que padecen enfermedades hepáticas terminales, ya sean éstas agudas o crónicas. En Chile el THP representa aproximadamente un 20 por ciento del total de trasplantes de hígado realizados en nuestro país. Objetivo: Exponer las indicaciones, procedimientos y principales complicaciones del THP desde el punto de vista teórico y realizar un estudio descriptivo de la experiencia recogida por el grupo de trasplante pediátrico de Clínica Las Condes y Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna desde 1994 a 2009 en esta materia. Material y Métodos: Se recolectaron los datos de 209 trasplantes hepáticos realizados a 173 pacientes menores de 18 entre 1994 y 2009 en ambos centros, realizando estadística descriptiva y curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan y Meier. Resultados: Las principales causas de trasplante fueron Atresia de Vías Biliares (48 por ciento) y Falla hepática aguda (28 por ciento). Cuarenta y un trasplantes se realizaron en niños menores de 10 kilos. Se trasplantaron con donante vivo 27 por ciento de los casos. Las complicaciones vasculares se presentaron en 13 por ciento de los casos y las biliares en 14 por ciento. Rechazos moderados o severos se diagnosticaron en 36 por ciento de los trasplantes. Enfermedad por Citomegalovirus se detectó en 30 por ciento de los pacientes dentro del primer año post trasplante y síndrome linfoproliferativo en 5 por ciento. La sobrevida actuarial de pacientes a 1 año ha sido de 76 por ciento, a 5 años de 67 por ciento y a 10 años de 65 por ciento. Conclusión: Los resultados del THP en términos de sobrevida y complicaciones es similar a la experiencia de centros extranjeros, la cual es superior a las expectativas y calidad de vida de los pacientes sin trasplante. Las áreas de mayor desarrollo de nuestro centro y que presentan los mayores desafíos son el trasplante hepático en niños menores de 10 kilos, en falla hepática aguda, y el uso de donante vivo.

Pediatric liver transplantation (PLT) is the only therapeutic option for children with acute or chronic end stage liver disease. In Chile PLT represents approximately 20 percent of all liver transplants performed. Objective: To present indications, procedures and main complications of PLT from an theoretic point of view and describe the experience achieved by the pediatric liver transplant team of Clínica Las Condes and Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna from 1994 to 2009 in this field. Methods: Data from 209 liver transplants performed in 173 patients younger than 18 years old, between 1994 and 2009 were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Kaplan-Meier’sactuarial survival graphs were calculated. Results: The main liver diseases leading to PLT were Biliary Atresia (48 percent) and Acute Liver Failure (28 percent). Forty-one transplants were performed in children weighting b 10 kilograms. Living donor was used in 27 percent of the cases. Vascular complications occurred in 13 percent and biliary reoperations performed in 14 percent. Moderate and severe acute graft rejection was diagnosed in 36 percent of the transplants. Cytomegalovirus disease occurred in 30 percent of the cases and post transplant lymphoproliferative disease in 5 percent. Actuarial patients survival at 1 year has been 76 percent, at 5 years 67 percent and at 10 years 65 percent. Conclusion: Results of PLT in terms of survival and complications is comparable to foreign transplant centers, which is superior to life expectancy and quality of life of these patients without liver transplant. The areas that have exhibit major development in our center and represent the biggest challenge are liver transplant in small children, in patients with acute liver failure, and the use of living donors.

Dieciséis años de experiencia de trasplante hepático en clínica las condes / Liver transplant in clinica las condes, sixteen years of experience

Resumen: el trasplante hepático ya es reconocido a nivel mundial y nacional como la mejor alternativa terapéutica en casos de daño hepático terminal. Los avances en técnica quirúrgica e inmunosupresión han permitido sobrevida global de alrededor de 80–75% a 5 y 10 años, con calidad de vida cada vez mejor. Clínica Las Condes ha sido uno de los centros pioneros y líderes en esta materia en Chile. En 16 años de experiencia, el equipo de trasplante hepático de Clínica Las Condes-Hospital Salvador y Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna ha realizado 400 trasplantes hepáticos, 212 de ellos en Clínica Las CondesObjetivoPresentar los resultados de los trasplantes hepáticos realizados en Clínica Las Condes entre diciembre 1993 y diciembre 2009.MétodosSe analizaron retrospectivamente los datos de 212 trasplantes hepáticos realizados entre las fechas mencionadas en Clínica Las Condes, evaluando indicaciones, técnica quirúrgica, sobrevida y principales complicaciones post trasplante. Para el análisis de las variables se utilizó estadística descriptiva y para el cálculo de sobrevida actuarial de paciente e injerto se usó fórmula de Kaplan y Meier...

Summary: liver transplantation is already recognized as the best therapeutic option for end stage liver disease in our country and worldwide. The advances in surgical and immunosuppressive issues have allowed an overall survival of 80–75% at 5 and 10 years with improving patients' quality of life. Clinica Las Condes has been one of the pioneer and leading centers in liver transplantation in Chile. In 16 years of experience the liver transplant team of Clínica Las Condes-Hospital Salvador y Hsopital Luis Calvo Mackenna has performed 400 liver transplants, 212 of them in Clínica Las Condes.Objectivethe aim of this descriptive study is to present the results of liver transplants performed in Clinica Las Condes from December 1993 to December 2009.Methodsclinical data from 212 liver transplants performed in Clinica Las Condes during the observation period mentioned above were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics, in terms of diagnosis, surgical techniques, and main post transplant complications. Actuarial patient and graft survival was determined using Kaplan Meier formula...

Trasplante páncreas y riñón en Clínica Las Condes / Simultaneous kidney pancreas transplant, Clínica Las Condes experience

El trasplante combinado páncreas-riñón (TPR) para pacientes portadores de Diabetes Mellitus 1 con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal, ha demostrado ser la única terapia que permite alcanzar el estado de normoglicemia de manera estable, situación que lleva a una disminución de las complicaciones crónicas de la DM y mejora la expectativa y calidad de vida. En nuestro país la tasa de realización de este trasplante es aún muy baja, lo que se debe a factores asociados a la donación y a una insuficiente divulgación de los resultados nacionales. Objetivo: Describir los resultados obtenidos por el equipo de trasplante de Clínica Las Condes en TPR desde el inicio del programa, en marzo 1994 a marzo 2009. Método: Se recopiló la información de los 12 pacientes sometidos a TPR en nuestro centro entre 1994 y marzo 2009, analizando las variables con estadística descriptiva y la sobrevida con curvas de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: La sobrevida actuarial de pacientes a 5 y 10 años fue de 75 por ciento. La sobrevida actuarial de páncreas fue 83 por ciento a los 5 y 10 años, y la de riñón 74 por ciento en los mismos periodos. Nueve pacientes presentan injertos funcionantes a marzo 2009, todos los cuales realizan una vida normal. Discusión: Estos resultados son comparables a los presentados por centros extranjeros de prestigio internacional y se deben principalmente a avances en las técnicas quirúrgicas y de inmunosupresión. La baja tasa de complicaciones y alta sobrevida presentada refuerzan la necesidad de potenciar esta terapia en nuestro país.

Combined kidney-pancreas transplant (KPT) for patients with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus complicated with end stage renal disease has shown to be the best treatment to achieve a stable metabolic condition, which may lead to a decrease in chronic diabetes complications and improves quality of life and patient survival. In our country, the rate of this transplant is still very low, associated with donation issues and little knowledge of the results achieved by Chilean experience. Objective: describe the results obtained by Clínica Las Condes transplant team in KPT, from the beginning of the program in March 1994 to March 2009. Methods: Information of 12 patients undergoing KPT in our center from 1994 to march 2009, was collected and analyzed through descriptive statistics. Actuarial survival was calculated with Kaplan Meier formula. Results: Patient survival was 75 percent at 5 and 10 years. Kidney transplant survival was 74 percent and pancreas survival was 83 percent in the same periods. Nine patients have functioning grafts, all of them living a normal life. Discussion: These results are similar to those reported by foreign centers of international status and are due to advances in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive treatment. The low rate of complications and excellent survival presented in this article enforces the need to potentates this therapy in our country.

Trasplante pulmonar: experiencia en Clínica Las Condes / Lung transplantation: Clinica las Condes experience

En la actualidad el trasplante pulmonar es considerado el tratamiento de elección para pacientes portadores de una enfermedad pulmonar avanzada que no presenten otras patologías severas y cuya sobrevida estimada es menor a dos años. La mejoría de la técnica quirúrgica y las drogas inmunosupresoras han permitido optimizar la calidad de vida, disminuyendo las complicaciones y extendiendo así la sobrevida. Hace 10 años Clínica Las Condes inicia su programa de trasplante pulmonar el que ha sido pionero nacional en número de injertos realizados y resultados obtenidos a largo plazo. Se realiza una revisión de las indicaciones, complicaciones precoces y tardías, capacidad física posterior al trasplante y sobrevida alejada de los pacientes trasplantados de pulmón en nuestro programa.

Currently the lung transplant is considered the treatment of choice for patients showing no other severe pathologies advanced lung disease carriers whose estimated survival rate is less than two years. The improvement of the surgical technique and immunosuppressive drugs has made it possible to optimize the quality of life, reducing complications and extending the survival rate. For 10 years Clínica las Condes has been initiating your lung transplantation program which has been pioneering national in number made grafts and results obtained long-term. Performs a review indications, early and late complications, transplantation and survival away from transplanted patients lung our physical capacity.

Avaliação de tecido corneano processado por um Banco de Olhos de referência / Evaluation of corneal tissue processed by a reference Eye Bank

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade das córneas processadas pelo Banco de Olhos de Sorocaba - SP e transplantadas fora do Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba, bem como das córneas que tiveram reentrada no Banco de Olhos de Sorocaba durante o ano de 2007. MÉTODOS: Foram contatados os oftalmologistas que transplantaram córneas captadas pelo Banco de Olhos de Sorocaba fora do Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba, bem como os que utilizaram córneas reentradas, a fim de colher as seguintes informações: período desde a captação da córnea até o transplante, transparência do tecido doador, tempo de transplante e falência primária. RESULTADOS: Trezentas e noventa e duas córneas tiveram saída do Banco de Olhos de Sorocaba ao longo do ano de 2007. Dessas, 6 retornaram ao Banco de Olhos de Sorocaba e foram transplantadas no Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba, sendo que nenhuma foi rejeitada; todavia, 2 apresentaram alguma opacidade no eixo visual. Após tentativa de reunir informações a respeito das 386 córneas transplantadas fora do Hospital Oftalmológico de Sorocaba, obtiveram-se dados apenas de 48 transplantes. O tempo médio desde a captação até o transplante foi de 5,5 dias (1-13 dias), e o de seguimento médio pós-operatório, de 9,8 meses (4-15 meses). Três córneas desenvolveram falência primária, 3 evoluíram com opacidade no eixo visual, 1 apresentou ceratite infecciosa que necessitou de transplante tectônico; 1 paciente faleceu e 1 perdeu seguimento. As demais 39 córneas apresentavam-se transparentes. CONCLUSÃO: Por causa das dificuldades de reunir as informações dos pacientes transplantados em outros hospitais, torna-se difícil definir a qualidade das córneas liberadas pelo Banco de Olhos de Sorocaba. Assim, outras análises como as desse estudo são necessárias a fim de definir mudanças e rumos para estudos futuros sobre seleção e conservação das córneas doadas.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the quality of the corneas processed by Sorocaba Eye Bank (BOS) - SP and transplanted out of the Ophthalmology Hospital of Sorocaba (HOS), as well as the corneas that had re-entered in the BOS, being transplanted or not in the HOS, during the year of 2007. METHODS: Ophthalmologists that transplanted corneas processed by BOS outside of the Ophthalmology Hospital of Sorocaba were contacted, as well as those who had used re-entried corneas, to collect the following information: period from eye enucleation until transplant, transparency of the donated tissue, time of transplant and primary failure. RESULTS: During the year of 2007, Sorocaba Eye Bank distributed three hundred and ninety-two corneas for outside HOS. From these, six had returned to BOS and had been transplanted in the Ophthalmology Hospital of Sorocaba. From those, none was rejected; however, two presented some opacity in the visual axis. After attempt to congregate information regarding the 386 transplanted corneas outside HOS, data of only 48 keratoplasty were available. The average time from the enucleation until the keratoplasty was of 5.5 days (1-13 days), and of postoperative average follow-up, 9.8 months (4-15 months). Three corneas had developed primary failure; three presented opacity in the visual axis; one presented infectious keratitis, requiring therapeutic keratoplasty; a patient died and another one lost follow-up. The other 39 corneas did not present any problems until the time this study was ended. CONCLUSION: Because of the difficulties to congregate informations of the patients transplanted in other hospitals, it is difficult to define the quality of the distributed corneas by Sorocaba Eye Bank. Thus, other analysis are necessary in order to define changes and new directions for future studies on selection and preservation of donated corneas.

Isquemia fría prolongada, factor para rechazo agudo del injerto en trasplante renal cadavérico / Prolonged cold ischemia: risk factor for acute rejection in renal grafting of cadaveric kidney transplantation

Introducción: Es conocido que la exposición del injerto renal a tiempo prolongado de isquemia fría se asocia con rechazo agudo. Dado que no se encontró evidencia del tema en México, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el papel del tiempo de isquemia fría prolongado sobre el injerto en el trasplante renal cadavérico en población mexicana. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal y analítico para el que se seleccionaron los expedientes de pacientes con trasplante renal entre julio de 1994 y junio de 2004. Se realizó análisis de diferentes variables para determinar su efecto sobre el rechazo agudo, entre ellas el tiempo prolongado de isquemia fría (≥ 12 horas). Resultados: De los 425 transplantes realizados, 33 fueron de donador cadavérico; 10 pacientes tuvieron rechazo agudo. El tiempo prolongado de isquemia fría (OR = 8.4, IC = 1.5-44.2, p = 0.02) y la combinación azatioprina (AZA)-prednisona (PDN)- ciclosporina (CSA) (OR = 9.1, IC = 1.5-49.4, p = 0.02) fueron factores de riesgo para rechazo agudo. El uso de antiCD25 (OR = 0.6, IC = 0.009-0.37, p = 0.001) y la combinación mofetil micofenolato (MMF)-PDN-CSA (OR = 0.1, IC = 0.02-0.65, p = 0.02) fueron factores protectores de rechazo agudo. Conclusiones: En una población mexicana, el tiempo de isquemia fría prolongado y la combinación AZA-PDN-CSA fueron factores de riesgo para rechazo agudo, mientras que el uso de antiCD25 y la combinación MMF-PDN-CSA fueron protectores para rechazo agudo en trasplantes renales de donadores cadavéricos.

BACKGROUND: Exposure of renal grafting to prolonged cold ischemia time (CIT) and the association with acute rejection (AR) are known. However, there is no evidence in Mexico about this topic. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate prolonged CIT as a risk factor for AR in renal grafting of cadaveric kidney transplantation in a Mexican population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Clinical files of patients undergoing renal grafting using cadaveric kidneys were reviewed from July 1994-June 2004. Prolonged CIT (=12 h) as a risk factor for AR was evaluated. Other related variables were also examined. RESULTS: From 425 kidney transplantations, only 33 cases were cadaveric. Ten patients had AR. Prolonged CIT (OR 8.4; CI 1.5-44.2, p = 0.02) and azathioprine (AZA)-prednisone (PDN)-cyclosporine (CSA) combination (OR 9.1; CI 1.5-49.4, p = 0.02) were risk factors for AR. Anti-CD25 use (OR 0.6; CI 0.009-0.37, p = 0.001) and mycofenolate mofetil (MMF)-PDN-CSA combination (OR 0.1; CI 0.02-0.65, p = 0.02) were protective factors for AR. CONCLUSIONS: In a Mexican population, prolonged CIT and AZA-PDN-CSA combination were risk factors for AR. Meanwhile, anti- CD25 use and MMF-PDN-CSA combination were protective factors for AR in cadaveric kidney transplantations.

Recurrência da hepatite C após transplante hepático de doador vivo e falecido / Hepatitis C recurrence after living donor and cadaveric liver transplantation

OBJETIVO: Determinar a recurrência da hepatite C em pacientes submetidos a transplante hepático de doador vivo comparados com os submetidos a transplante hepático de doador falecido. MÉTODOS: Do total de 333 transplantes hepáticos, 279 (83,8 por cento) eram de doador falecido e 54 (16,2 por cento) de doador vivo. Hepatopatia crônica pelo vírus da hepatite C foi a indicação mais comum tanto de transplante hepático de doador falecido (82 pacientes) como de doador vivo (19 pacientes). O protocolo de estudo eletrônico de todos pacientes com hepatopatia crônica pelo vírus da hepatite C foi avaliado. Os dados coletados foram analisados estatisticamente conforme a idade, sexo, resultado dos exames laboratoriais, recidiva do vírus da hepatite C e rejeição aguda. RESULTADOS: O total de 55 transplantes hepáticos de doador falecido e 10 de doador vivo realizados em pacientes com cirrose hepática pelo vírus da hepatite C, foi incluído no estudo. As características clínicas e laboratoriais pré-transplante dos dois grupos foram similares, exceto o tempo de atividade de protrombina que foi maior no grupo de transplante hepático de doador falecido do que no de doador vivo (P = 0,04). A recidiva da hepatite C foi similar nos grupos de transplante hepático de doador falecido (n = 37; 69,3 por cento) e de doador vivo (n = 7; 70 por cento) (P = 0,8). A incidência de rejeição aguda foi igual no grupo de transplante hepático de doador falecido (n = 27; 49 por cento) e no grupo de doador vivo (n = 2; 20 por cento) (P = 0,08). A recurrência do vírus da hepatite C nos pacientes do grupo de transplante hepático de doador falecido que receberam pulsoterapia (9 de 11 pacientes) foi similar aos demais pacientes (28 de 44 pacientes) (P = 0,25). A recurrência também foi similar nos pacientes do grupo de transplante hepático de doador vivo que receberam pulsoterapia (1 de 1 paciente) em relação aos que não receberam (6 de 9 pacientes) (P = 0,7). CONCLUSÕES: A recurrência...

OBJECTIVE: To determine the recurrence of hepatitis C in patients subjected to living donor liver transplantation compared to those subjected to cadaveric liver transplantation. METHODS: Of a total of 333 liver transplantations, 279 (83.8 percent) were cadaveric liver transplantation and 54 (16.2 percent) living donor liver transplantation. Hepatic cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus was the most common indication of both cadaveric liver transplantation (82 patients) and living donor liver transplantation (19 patients). The electronic study protocols of all patients with hepatic cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus were reviewed. All data, including patients' age and sex, laboratory tests, hepatitis C virus recurrence and acute rejection were evaluated statistically. RESULTS: A total of 55 cadaveric liver transplantation and 10 living donor liver transplantation performed in patients with liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C virus was included in the study. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of the two groups before the transplantation were similar, except for the prothrombin time that was higher for the cadaveric liver transplantation than the living donor liver transplantation (P = 0.04). Hepatitis C virus recurrence was similar in the cadaveric liver transplantation (n = 37; 69.3 percent) and living donor liver transplantation (n = 7; 70 percent) groups (P = 0.8). The incidence of acute rejection was similar in cadaveric liver transplantation (n = 27; 49 percent) and living donor liver transplantation (n = 2; 20 percent) groups (P = 0.08). Hepatitis C virus recurrence in patients of the cadaveric liver transplantation group who received bolus doses of corticosteroids (9 of 11 patients) was similar to the remained patients (28 of 44 patients) (P = 0.25). Recurrence was also similar in patients of the living donor liver transplantation group who received bolus doses of corticosteroids (one of one patient) in relation to those who did...

Rechazo agudo subclínico en el paciente con trasplante renal / Acute subclinical rejection in the patient with kidney transplant

El rechazo agudo subclínico al riñón trasplantado es el proceso de rechazo sin expresión clínica, aparece entre un tercio y la mitad de los pacientes que reciben trasplante renal, por lo general en los primeros 3 meses de postrasplante. En la actualidad, la principal causa de pérdida de riñones trasplantados es el rechazo crónico ya que a pesar del surgimiento de nuevos inmunosupresores y de la disminución del rechazo agudo no se ha logrado alcanzar un impacto significativo de la supervivencia del trasplante a largo plazo por causa de este rechazo. Se ha demostrado que existe estrecha asociación entre procesos de rechazo agudo subclínico y aparición de rechazo crónico por lo que cobra gran importancia la pesquisa de esta complicación en los pacientes que reciben trasplante renal.

The acute subclinical rejection of the tranasplanted kidney is the rejection process without clinical expression that appears between a third and a half of the patient undergoing renal transplant, generally in the first three months after the transplant. Nowadays, the main cause of the loss of transplanted kidneys is chronic rejection, since in spite of the appearance of new immunosuppressive drugs and the reduction of the acute rejection it has not been possible to achieve a significant impact of transplant survival on the long term because of this rejection. It has been proved that there is a close association between the subclinical acute rejection processes and the existence of chronic rejection. That's why, the screening of this complication is very important among patients receiving kidney transplant.

Heart transplantation in females: the experience in Puerto Rico

BACKGROUND: Heart transplantation is the procedure of choice for a selected group of patients with end stage heart disease. Gender related differences have been observed in the heart transplant field: less women than men are recipients of heart transplants, more risk of rejection in female recipients, and a perception toward reduced survival in women. We report our experience of heart transplantation in females in Puerto Rico. METHODS: We studied the data bank of 69 heart transplant recipients in the Puerto Rico Heart Transplant Program from June 1999 to June 2005. Gender related differences in the number of recipients: males or females, incidence of rejection, survival, and other outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: 69 patients received an orthotopic heart transplant from June 1999 to June 2005, in a single center in Puerto Rico. The mean age of the patients was 47 (11-62) years. Fifty patients (72%) were men, and 19 patients (28%), were women. Survival in the female group at 3 months, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years was 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 90%, and 90% respectively. The survival in the male group at 3 months, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years was 97%, 97%, 97%, 94%, 86 and 79% respectively. There was an early, higher incidence of rejection in women during the first three months post transplant; 1.5 vs. 0.75, (P=0.04) episodes per patient in the female, and male group respectively. After the third month post transplant there was no significant difference in rejection incidence. The incidence of infectious episodes was significantly more frequent in female than in male recipients, 2.8 vs. 1 (P=0.02) per patient respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There were more male than female heart transplant recipients at a ratio of 3:1, without a significant gender difference in survival. The risk of rejection was higher in females in the early period post transplantation, but thereafter this risk showed no signinificant statistical difference. The incidence of infection was more frequent in female...

Heart Transplantation. A Retrospective Analysis of the Long-Term Results

Long-term results of orthotopic heart transplantation vary among different institutions. The purpose of the present study was to assess the factors, which might affect long-term survival and complications. Between November 1992 and July 2003, 112 heart transplantations (M/F=89: 23) were performed. The standard technique was used in the first 57 patients and the bicaval technique in the latter 55 patients. Indications for transplantation in decreasing order of frequency were dilated cardiomyopathy (75%), ischemic cardiomyopathy (7%), and others (18%). The mean follow up duration was 51.8 +/- 31.3 months with 98 patients remaining alive. Preoperatively, all patients were either in NYHA functional class III or IV. Postoperatively, all patients showed improvement to functional class II or I, except 3 patients that remained in NYHA class III. The mean number of rejection cases within the first year was 0.6 +/- 0.8, with humoral rejection noted in 3 cases. The graft vascular disease (GVD) -free survival at 3 and 5 years was 96% and 83%, respectively. The 7-year survival after heart transplantation was 84%. There were 16 deaths, of which infection (n=4) was the most common followed by rejection (n=3), and malignancy (n=2). The present long-term results, were relatively superior to those seen in western countries. The relatively low GVD-free survival rate is thought to have contributed. The complications encountered after transplantation were mostly immunosuppressive drug related, suggesting further potentials for improvement in long-term survival.

Current status of liver transplantation.

Liver transplantation is accepted therapy for acute or chronic liver failure. Survival after LT has improved significantly in developed countries and this has increased the awareness of this treatment modality in the developing world. Successful LT in both children and adults have now been reported from India. Chronic liver failure secondary to cholestatic liver disease in the most frequent indication for LT, with biliary with atresia as the single commonest cause. Innovative techniques such as reduced size, splint, and living donor liver transplantation are being applied more often to decrease long waiting times and reduce associated morbidity and mortality. Early postoperative complications include primary graft failure, venous thrombosis, rejection, biliary complications and infections. Late complication includes CMV or EBV infections, side effects of immunosuppression, post transplantation lymphoproliferative disease and late biliary strictures. Most children achieve good quality of life. There are still many lessons to learn and there are future challenges such as the ever increasing problems of donor scarcity and the search for potent but less toxic immunosuppressive agents.

Trasplante renal: experiencia del Hospital Militar de Santiago / Renal transplant: experience at the Hospital Militar de Santiago

El trasplante renal es la mejor alternativa para el paciente insuficiente renal crónico, ya que logra una recuperación completa y queda libre de las limitantes de la diálisis crónica. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la experiencia en trasplante renal del Hospital Militar de Santiago. Para tal efecto, se realiza un estudio de cohorte histórico abierto de 153 trasplantes renales (TXR) realizados en 137 pacientes entre mayo de 1983 y mayo de 2002. Los pacientes fueron tratados con 4 esquemas de inmuno supresión: grupo1, prednisona + azatioprina (AZA) (n=15); grupo 2, prednisona + AZA + ciclosporina A (CsA) (n=85);grupo 3, prednisona + CsA+ inducción inmunoglubulina antitimocítica (ATG) (n=38); y grupo 4,prednisona + CsA + micofenolato mofetil (MMF) (n=15). La mediana de seguimiento fue de 48 meses (1-217). El 70,6 porciento de los TXR (108) fue de donante cadáver (DC) y el 29,4 porciento (45) fue con donante vivo (DV). La sobrevida actuarial global del injerto a 1, 2 y 10 años fue de 91,8 porciento, 86,7 porciento y 53,7 porciento, respectivamente. La sobrevida del injerto con DC es de 88,3 porciento al año y de 41,9 porciento a 10 años, siendo para el DV de 100 porciento y 75,9 porciento, respectivamente (p=0,0008). No hubo diferencias en la sobrevida del injerto si este fue riñón casa o del pool. En la serie, el 39,1 porciento de los trasplantados presentó necrosis tubular aguda (NTA), siendo un 6,6 porciento en DV y 52,8 porciento en DC (p<0,001). El tiempo de isquemia fría no influyó en una mayor incidencia de NTA. Rechazo agudo (RA), se observó en 53 pacientes (34,6 porciento), sin evidenciarse diferencias entre DV y DC. La histocompatibilidad no jugó ningún rol en el desarrollo de RA, como tampoco el tratamiento inmunosupresor. La causa más frecuente de pérdida del injerto fue el rechazo crónico (67,6 porciento). Treinta y tres pacientes presentaron algún tipo de complicación quirúrgica y de las complicaciones infecciosas, las más frecuentes fueron ITU, neumonía e infección por Citomegalovirus. De 19 pacientes fallecidos (12,4 porciento), las infecciones fueron su principal etiología. La sobrevida del injerto en nuestro grupo se compara con las series publicadas tanto nacionales como extranjeras, con muy buena sobrevida y morbilidad aceptable. Nuestra tasa de complicaciones quirúrgicas e infecciosas son similares a las reportadas por otros autores.

Complicaciones quirúrgicas en trasplante renal: experiencia Hospital Militar de Santiago / Surgical complications in kidney transplant: experience at the Hospital Militar de Santiago

La incidencia de complicaciones quirúrgicas (CQX) en el trasplante renal (TXR) fluctúa entre 3,7 y 15 porciento, causando ocasionalmente un deterioro de la función renal (FXR) o incluso la pérdida del injerto. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar nuestra experiencia en las CQX, su impacto en la FXR y su relación con rechazo agudo (RA) y necrosis tubular aguda (NTA). Revisión retrospectiva de 153 trasplantes renales realizados entre mayo de 1983 y mayo de 2002 en el Hospital Militar de Santiago. Se evalúa la FXR durante la complicación y a largo plazo, y se estudia la relación entre RA o NTA (definida como la necesidad de diálisis) y la aparición de CQX. Con una mediana de 48 meses (1-217), identificamos 45 complicaciones en 33 pacientes, que incluyen 11 linfoceles (7,2 porciento), 7 hematomas perirrenales (4,6 porciento), 1 hemoperitoneo (0,6 porciento), 3 obstrucciones ureterales (1,9 porciento), 4 fístulas urinarias (2,6 porciento), 7 complicaciones vasculares (4,6 porciento) (2 trombosis arteriales, 4 estenosis arteriales y 1 trombosis venosa profunda) y 12 complicaciones de herida operatoria (7,8 porcientociones,4 hematomas, 1 dehiscencia y 1 seroma). El índice de CQX fue mayor en donante cadáver (20,1 porciento)que en donante vivo (11,1 porciento) (p=0,11). En los pacientes que sufrieron complicaciones, el promedio de tiempo en diálisis pretrasplante fue mayor que el de los que no se complicaron (25,9 m versus 18,8 m, p=0,09). El promedio de edad de los complicados fue mayor que el de los no complicados (43,2 versus 38,2 años, p= 0,09). No observamos una correlación significativa entre RA y CQX. Por otro lado, pacientes con NTA tuvieron un mayor índice de CQX (32 porciento versus 12 porciento, p= <0,05), específicamente para linfocele. La FXR se vio afectada durante la complicación en 14 de 33 pacientes (42,4 porciento), en 9 se recuperó a cortoplazo y en 5 de ellos, el riñón se perdió por esta causa. En el seguimiento de estos 33 pacientes complicados, 6 han fallecido, pero en ningún caso debido a la CQX. La edad pareciera ser un factor de riesgo de CQX. La complicación quirúrgica produce un deterioro de la función renal, que en la gran mayoría de los casos, se recupera a corto plazo. La necrosis tubular aguda influiría en una mayor incidencia de linfoceles.

Bone marrow transplantation in thalassaemia patients in Shiraz, Islamic Republic of Iran

We report the results of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in 26 female and 37 male patients with beta-thalassaemia major [age range: 2-17 years], performed at Namazi Hospital over the period 1992-99. In all cases, standard conditioning and immunosuppressive regimens were employed. Currently, 50 patients remain thalassaemia-free, 9 of whom have developed chronic graft-versus-host disease. There were 8 deaths among the 13 unsuccessful transplant cases: 4 due to acute uncontrollable graft-versus-host disease, and 4 to non-transplant-related causes such as hypoglycaemia, hypersensitivity reactions and advanced disease. We conclude that allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is an effective therapy for the treatment of beta-thalassaemia major, particularly for patients classified as classes I and II